Selection guide for accessories for vector network analyzers (VNA, VNA). Typical sets for different frequency bands: 43.5 GHz, 20 GHz, 8 GHz, etc.
Brief introduction
When buying a vector network analyzer (VNA), it is important to immediately equip it with all the accessories necessary for operation: phase-stable cables, calibration kits, adapters for different types of connectors, etc. This task is not as simple as it seems at first glance, since there is a wide variety of such accessories and they differ greatly both in characteristics and in cost.
In this article, we will tell you how to choose accessories for the three main frequency ranges in which most popular vector analyzer models work: up to 43.5 GHz, before 20 GHz and before 8 GHz. In addition, we will look at accessory kits for four narrower ranges, for which network analyzers are also available: up to 40 GHz, before 26.5 GHz, before 18 GHz and before 6 GHz. Frequencies above 43.5 GHz will be considered separately.
Main types of VNA accessories
The main accessories, without which the vector network analyzer cannot work, include: calibration components and phase-stable measuring cables. It is also advisable to buy adapters for connecting to various types of connectors. Note that if adapters are added to the measurement path after the VNA has been calibrated, then the losses and phase delays of these adapters distort the measurement results (there is a special procedure to compensate for this effect). More kits available reference measures, with which you can check the real accuracy of the vector analyzer after its calibration.
Set of calibration components
Calibration of the vector network analyzer is dedicated to separate article. As noted in this article, coaxial paths below 43.5 or 40 GHz typically use a SOLT calibration. The abbreviation SOLT is an abbreviation for four English words that stand for: Short circuit (Short) - Gap (Open) - Consistent load (Load) and Direct connection (Thru).
The calibration kit is the most important accessory because its quality and accuracy determine the accuracy of all measurements made with the network analyzer. It is necessary to ensure that during operation, the connectors of the calibration kit are in perfect condition. Do not connect it to worn out or cheap adapters, in which the central contact may be dirty or deformed.
Since it is desirable that the connectors of the calibration components exactly match the connectors installed on the measurement object, manufacturers produce many models for different frequency ranges and different types of connectors, both for manual calibration and for automatic calibration.
Two typical examples of such manual calibration accessories are shown in this photo. On the left is the Anritsu TOSLN50A-18 calibration kit (up to 18 GHz, N(m) connectors), and on the right is the Anritsu TOSLK50-40 calibration kit (up to 40 GHz, K(m) connectors).
Manually calibrating the VNA takes time (typically 5 to 10 minutes). If the calibration was performed in one frequency range, and it became necessary to measure the parameters of the device in another frequency range, then you need to re-calibrate. Also, the need for recalibration may arise when changing the types of connectors or when changing adapter adapters. Thus, significant time can be spent during the working day for repeated recalibrations.
To reduce the calibration time to 1 - 2 minutes, as well as to significantly reduce the likelihood of operator error, automatic calibration devices are produced. Two typical representatives of such accessories are presented in this photo. On the left is the Anritsu MN25208A automatic calibrator (up to 8.5 GHz, N(f) connectors), and on the right is the Anritsu MN25218A (up to 20 GHz, K(f) connectors). Automatic calibrators save time but are more expensive than their manual counterparts.
Phase-stable test cables
The next most important accessory, or rather accessories, is a set of flexible, phase-stable measuring cables with which you will connect your device to the VNA. It is important that the cables are phase-stable (marked Phase-Stable), and the manufacturer is trustworthy. As a rule, phase-stable measurement cables are thicker and more expensive than their conventional counterparts.
The frequency range of the cables must correspond to the frequencies at which measurements are planned, and the cable connectors must provide connection at one end to the vector analyzer, and at the other end to the calibration element, and after calibration - to the device being measured. If, after calibration, you plan to wind additional adapters on the ends of the cables, then the parameters of these adapters must be entered into the vector analyzer program in order to exclude their influence on the results.
As a rule, VNAs are equipped with short, phase-stable cables. Typically, the length of one cable with an upper operating frequency of more than 10 GHz is 1 meter or even 60 cm. For lower frequencies (less than 10 GHz), longer cables are also available: 1.5 m, 3 m and 5 m. For example, in this photo two meter phase-stable measurement cables are shown: Anritsu 14RKFK50-1.0 (up to 40 GHz, Ruggedized K(f) - K(m) connectors) is located on top, and Anritsu 14KFK50-1.0 (up to 40 GHz, K(f) - K connectors) is located below it (m)).
If regular operation is planned in two different frequency ranges with different types of connectors, then it is advisable to complete the analyzer with a separate set of cables and a separate calibration set for each range. For example, if you bought a vector analyzer operating up to 40 GHz, then you need a set of accessories to work with type K connectors, but if the same device will be actively used to measure the parameters of devices with type N connectors in the range up to 18 GHz, then it makes sense additionally buy a set of accessories to work with N connectors.
Adapters for connecting to various types of connectors
From the point of view of maximum measurement accuracy, it is desirable that the connectors of the calibration component exactly match the connectors of the device being measured. Then, immediately after calibration, the ends of the phase-stable cables can be connected directly to the measurement object. But in practice, for various reasons, you still have to use adapters.
The main reason is, of course, the mismatch between the connector types of the calibration component and the measurement object. The second, less obvious reason is the desire to minimize the wear of the connectors of expensive phase-stable cables and the calibration component, because the connectors become dirty, erased and deformed from repeated connections to the device being measured. Fine metal dust accumulates on them, which further accelerates the wear process. In the process of intensive use, the central contacts of high-frequency connectors are especially affected.
In total, there are more than 50 types of high-frequency connectors, but in the range up to 43.5 GHz, less than ten of their varieties have become widespread. Typically, VNAs operating up to 43.5 GHz use Extended-K connectors, 40 GHz and 20 GHz use normal K-type connectors, and up to 18 GHz use N-type connectors.
On the other hand, in products whose parameters are measured using the VNA, the variety of connectors used is much wider. That is why it is desirable to immediately equip the VNA with all the necessary adapters. Below are the main types of connectors and their operating frequencies:
- connector K (aka 2.92 mm), main range up to 40 GHz, there is a modification up to 43.5 GHz (Extended-K);
- 3.5 mm connector, main range up to 34 GHz, there is a modification up to 26.5 GHz;
- SMA connector, main range
up to 18 GHz, there are modifications up to 12.4 GHz and up to 26.5 GHz;
- connector N, main range up to 11 GHz, there are modifications up to 3 GHz, up to 6 GHz and up to 18 GHz;
- connector 7/16 DIN, basic range up to 7.5 GHz, there are modifications up to 3 GHz and up to 6 GHz;
- BNC connector, main range up to 4 GHz, there are modifications up to 1 GHz, 2 GHz and 3 GHz;
The industry has hundreds of adapter models to choose from. But most of the manufactured adapters are of rather mediocre quality and are not suitable for use as part of precise measuring systems. Only certain types of adapters have the performance and repeatability to work with the VNA.
To simplify the selection process, below on this page is a list of the most requested adapters for each frequency range. And in this photo, as an example, several similar accessories are shown.
Attenuators
When working with a vector network analyzer, there are several typical situations in which it is desirable or necessary to use accurate attenuators.
The first situation is when you are measuring an amplifier with a vector analyzer that does not have built-in Step Attenuators. And most VNAs in the lower and mid-price ranges are just that. Due to the use of external attenuators, you will still be able to perform the necessary measurements, although technically it will be longer and more difficult.
The second situation is the measurement of small levels of attenuation (Insertion loss) in a wide frequency range. In some types of measured devices, resonance effects may occur during the measurement, caused by signal reflections from its connectors. In such a situation, it is recommended to add one small attenuator (eg 6 dB) to the input of the device, and a second similar attenuator to its output. Of course, the parameters of these attenuators must be excluded from the measurement results using the software.
The third typical situation in which the use of attenuators is useful is to check the actual measurement accuracy of your VNA, taking into account the wear of cables, adapters, calibration component and possible calibration errors. Of course, for this it is desirable to use special test kits, which are described below on this page. But if there is no test set, but there are several precision attenuators with protocols for their calibration, then measuring the parameters of these attenuators can immediately reveal problems in the accuracy of the measurements of the vector network analyzer.
There are other typical tasks that may require the use of attenuators. As an example, this photo shows several Anritsu 41KB series precision attenuators with K-type connectors and ratings of 3dB, 6dB, 10dB and 20dB operating up to 26.5 GHz. In the same size there is a series of attenuators up to 40 GHz. In general, there are many models of attenuators with different types of connectors, operating frequencies and maximum power dissipations.
Verification Kits
During the operation of the vector network analyzer, he and all his accessories gradually age and wear out. Over time, this can lead to degradation of measurement accuracy. In addition, there is a possibility of a sharp deterioration in measurement accuracy due to a broken VNA or an accidental calibration error. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly check the performance of your analyzer.
The surest way to check the actual accuracy of VNA measurements is to use a special test kit that contains several components with precisely known and documented parameters. This photo shows one of these kits, containing four reference devices (two attenuators and two "Airline" overhead lines), as well as an electronic carrier with their calibration certificates.
These test kits are available for various types of connectors, including the most popular ones: K, SMA and N. Their price is quite high, so they are primarily recommended for VNAs located in metrology laboratories and for VNAs used in production.
Accessories up to 43.5 GHz
In most network analyzer models up to 43.5 GHz, the test ports are equipped with K-type (also called 2.92 mm) connectors. The K-type connector itself is standardized by IEC 61169-35 and provides excellent performance up to 40 GHz. But frequencies from 40 GHz to 43.5 GHz are outside of its standard operating range. For this reason, many network analyzers with K-type connectors only guarantee performance up to 40 GHz in the documentation, and the range from 40 to 43.5 GHz is considered operational, but not guaranteed.
Since frequencies from 40 GHz to 43.5 GHz are of great interest for the full testing of devices equipped with standard K connectors, Anritsu has developed an improved version of the K connector called Extended-K, which means "Extended K". This connector works great up to 43.5 GHz and is fully compatible with the standard K connector. As of June 2019, all Anritsu ShockLine Vector Network Analyzers come with Extended-K test ports and all performance is fully guaranteed up to 43.5 GHz.
Due to the recent introduction of the improved Extended-K connector, only major accessories are currently equipped with it (one series of phase-stable cables, two calibration kits, and several adapters). All other accessories, such as automatic calibrators, attenuators and test kits, choose below on this page in the section "Accessories up to 40 GHz".
The two tables below show the recommended accessory models for VNAs up to 43.5 GHz and a short description in English.
Recommended basic accessory kit up to 43.5 GHz (Extended-K connectors):
| Name | Short description |
| 3670K50A-2 (2 pcs) | Phase-Stable Cable, Armored, Semi-rigid, K(f) - K(m), 60.96 cm, DC to 43.5 GHz |
| TOSLKF50A-43.5 (1 pc.) | Coaxial Calibration Kit with S1P data, Type K(f), DC to 43.5 GHz |
| 33KFKF50C (2 pcs.) | Calibration Grade Adapter, DC to 43.5 GHz, K(f) - K(f) |
Optional accessories up to 43.5 GHz (Extended-K connectors):
| Name | Short description |
| TOSLK50A-43.5 | Coaxial Calibration Kit with S1P data, Type K(m), DC to 43.5 GHz |
| 33KKF50C | Calibration Grade Adapter, DC to 43.5 GHz, K(m) - K(f) |
| 33KK50C | Calibration Grade Adapter, DC to 43.5 GHz, K(m) - K(m) |
Accessories up to 40 GHz
The list of accessories up to 40 GHz equipped with a standard K connector is very wide. In addition to several series of phase-stable cables, various types of calibrators are available, both for manual calibration and for automatic calibration, as well as adapters, attenuators and test kits.
The two tables below show the recommended accessory models for VNAs up to 40 GHz and a short description in English.
Recommended basic accessory kit up to 40 GHz (K connectors):
| Name | Short description |
| 14RKFK50-1.0 (2 pcs.) | Phase-Stable Cable, Flexible, 1.0 meter, DC to 40 GHz, Ruggedized K(f) - K(m) |
| TOSLKF50A-40 (1 pc.) | Coaxial Calibration Kit, Type K(f), DC to 40 GHz |
| K222B (2 pcs.) | Precision Adapter, DC to 40 GHz, K(f) - K(f) |
Optional accessories up to 40 GHz (K connectors):
| Name | Short description |
| 14RKFK50-0.6 | Phase-Stable Cable, Flexible, 0.6 meters, DC to 40 GHz, Ruggedized K(f) - K(m) |
| 14RKFKF50-0.6 | Phase-Stable Cable, Flexible, 0.6 meters, DC to 40 GHz, Ruggedized K(f) - K(f) |
| 14RKFKF50-1.0 | Phase-Stable Cable, Flexible, 1.0 meter, DC to 40 GHz, Ruggedized K(f) - K(f) |
| 14KFK50-0.6 | Phase-Stable Cable, Flexible, 0.6 meters, DC to 40 GHz, K(f) - K(m) |
| 14KFK50-1.0 | Phase-Stable Cable, Flexible, 1.0 meter, DC to 40 GHz, K(f) - K(m) |
| 14KFKF50-0.6 | Phase-Stable Cable, Flexible, 0.6 meters, DC to 40 GHz, K(f) - K(f) |
| 14KFKF50-1.0 | Phase-Stable Cable, Flexible, 1.0 meter, DC to 40 GHz, K(f) - K(f) |
| TOSLK50A-40 | Coaxial Calibration Kit, Type K(m), DC to 40 GHz |
| 36585K-2F | K Precision AutoCal, 70 kHz - 40 GHz, K(f) - K(f) |
| K224B | Precision Adapter, DC to 40 GHz, K(m) - K(f) |
| K220B | Precision Adapter, DC to 40 GHz, K(m) - K(m) |
| 41KC-3 | Precision Fixed Attenuator, 3 dB, 1Watt, DC to 40 GHz, K(m) - K(f) |
| 41KC-6 | Precision Fixed Attenuator, 6 dB, 1Watt, DC to 40 GHz, K(m) - K(f) |
| 41KC-10 | Precision Fixed Attenuator, 10 dB, 1Watt, DC to 40 GHz, K(m) - K(f) |
| 41KC-20 | Precision Fixed Attenuator, 20 dB, 1Watt, DC to 40 GHz, K(m) - K(f) |
| 41KC-S | Precision Fixed Attenuator Set, 41KC Series, DC to 40 GHz. Includes: 41KC-3, 41KC-6, 41KC-10, 41KC-20, Calibration Data |
| 3668-3 | K Connector Verification Kit |
Accessories up to 26.5 GHz
Devices operating in the frequency range up to 26.5 GHz are mainly equipped with SMA connectors. Less commonly, they use more expensive K or 3.5 mm connectors. A distinctive feature of these three types of connectors is that they are all compatible with each other. Therefore, when measuring your devices operating up to 26.5 GHz, you can use a calibration kit with K-type connectors and all necessary accessories designed for bands 40 GHz and 43.5 GHz.
However, when connecting to SMA connectors, one very important point should be considered. All accessories with K-type connectors are several times more expensive than similar accessories with SMA connectors. This is because the manufacturing tolerances of K connectors and their quality are much higher than those of SMA connectors. In addition, besides the normal SMA accessories produced by well-known manufacturers, a large number of products with SMA connectors of absolutely poor quality are offered on the market. If you connect expensive phase-stable cables with K-type connectors to such cheap SMA connectors, the phase-stable cable connectors will degrade very quickly and the cables will have to be replaced.
To protect the cables and calibration component from such wear, you can use replaceable adapters that are screwed onto the ends of the phase-stable cables. In this case, only adapters will be subject to accelerated wear, which, if necessary, can be easily replaced with new ones.
Accessories up to 20 GHz
Vector network analyzers with a maximum operating range of 20 GHz are usually equipped with type K connectors. Less commonly, SMA or 3.5 mm connectors, which are fully compatible with type K. And in devices whose parameters you will measure in the range up to 20 GHz, most often SMA connectors or N connectors (up to 18 GHz) will be installed.
The three tables below show the recommended accessory models for VNAs up to 20 GHz and a short description in English.
Recommended basic accessory kit up to 20 GHz (K connectors):
| Name | Short description |
| 15KKF50-1.0A (2 pcs) | Phase-Stable Cable, Armored, 1.0 meter, DC to 20 GHz, K(f) - K(m) |
| TOSLKF50A-20 (1 pc.) | Coaxial Calibration Kit, Type K(f), DC to 20 GHz |
| K222B (2 pcs.) | Precision Adapter, DC to 40 GHz, K(f) - K(f) |
Optional accessories up to 20 GHz (K connectors):
| Name | Short description |
| 15KK50-1.0A | Phase-Stable Cable, Armored, 1.0 meter, DC to 20 GHz, K(m) - K(m) |
| TOSLK50A-20 | Coaxial Calibration Kit, Type K(m), DC to 20 GHz |
| MN25218A-002 | 2-Port SmartCal, 300 kHz - 20 GHz, Type K(f) Auto Calibration Unit |
| MN25418A-002 | 4-Port SmartCal, 300 kHz - 20 GHz, Type K(f) Auto Calibration Unit |
| K224B | Precision Adapter, DC to 40 GHz, K(m) - K(f) |
| K220B | Precision Adapter, DC to 40 GHz, K(m) - K(m) |
| 41KB-3 | Precision Fixed Attenuator, 3 dB, 1Watt, DC to 26.5 GHz, K(m) - K(f) |
| 41KB-6 | Precision Fixed Attenuator, 6 dB, 1Watt, DC to 26.5 GHz, K(m) - K(f) |
| 41KB-10 | Precision Fixed Attenuator, 10 dB, 1Watt, DC to 26.5 GHz, K(m) - K(f) |
| 41KB-20 | Precision Fixed Attenuator, 20 dB, 1Watt, DC to 26.5 GHz, K(m) - K(f) |
| 3668-3 | K Connector Verification Kit |
Optional accessories up to 18 GHz (K and N connectors):
| Name | Short description |
| 71693-R | Ruggedized adapter, K(f) to N(f), DC to 18 GHz |
| TOSLNF50A-18 | Coaxial Calibration Kit, Type N(f), DC to 18 GHz |
| TOSLN50A-18 | Coaxial Calibration Kit, Type N(m), DC to 18 GHz |
| 34NK50 | Precision Adapter, DC to 18 GHz, K(m) - N(m) |
| 34NKF50 | Precision Adapter, DC to 18 GHz, K(f) - N(m) |
| 34NFK50 | Precision Adapter, DC to 18 GHz, K(m) - N(f) |
| 34NFKF50 | Precision Adapter, DC to 18 GHz, K(f) - N(f) |
| 34NFNF50 | Precision Adapter, DC to 18 GHz, N(f) - N(f) |
| 34NN50A | Precision Adapter, DC to 18 GHz, N(m) - N(m) |
| 42N50-20 | Attenuator, 20 dB, 5 Watt, DC to 18 GHz, N(m) - N(f) |
| 42N50A-30 | Attenuator, 30 dB, 50 Watt, DC to 18 GHz, N(m) - N(f) |
| 1010-121 | Attenuator, 40 dB, 100 Watt, DC to 18 GHz, N(m) - N(f), Uni-Directional |
| 3663-3 | N Connector Verification Kit |
Accessories up to 18 GHz
Vector network analyzers with a maximum operating range of 18 GHz are usually equipped with type N connectors. And in devices whose parameters you will measure in the range up to 18 GHz, SMA connectors, N connectors or 7/16 DIN connectors (up to 7, 5 GHz).
The two tables below show the recommended accessory models for VNAs up to 18 GHz and a short description in English.
Recommended basic accessory kit up to 18 GHz (N connectors):
| Name | Short description |
| 15NN50-1.0B (2 pcs.) | Phase-Stable Cable, Armored, 1.0 meter, DC to 18 GHz, N(m) - N(m) |
| TOSLNF50A-18 (1 pc.) | Coaxial Calibration Kit, Type N(f), DC to 18 GHz |
| 34NFNF50 (2 pcs.) | Precision Adapter, DC to 18 GHz, N(f) - N(f) |
Optional accessories up to 18 GHz (N, K, SMA and 7/16 DIN connectors):
| Name | Short description |
| 71693-R | Ruggedized adapter, K(f) to N(f), DC to 18 GHz |
| 34RKNF50 | Precision Ruggedized Adapter, DC to 18 GHz, K(m) - N(f) |
| 15NNF50-1.0B | Phase-Stable Cable, Armored, 1.0 meter, DC to 18 GHz, N(m) - N(f) |
| TOSLN50A-18 | Coaxial Calibration Kit, Type N(m), DC to 18 GHz |
| 34NN50A | Precision Adapter, DC to 18 GHz, N(m) - N(m) |
| 1091-26-R | Adapter, DC to 18 GHz, N(m) - SMA(m) |
| 1091-27-R | Adapter, DC to 18 GHz, N(m) - SMA(f) |
| 1091-80-R | Adapter, DC to 18 GHz, N(f) - SMA(m) |
| 1091-81-R | Adapter, DC to 18 GHz, N(f) - SMA(f) |
| 510-92-R | Adapter, DC to 7.5 GHz, N(m) - 7/16 (m) |
| 510-90-R | Adapter, DC to 7.5 GHz, N(m) - 7/16 (f) |
| 510-93-R | Adapter, DC to 7.5 GHz, N(f) - 7/16 (m) |
| 510-91-R | Adapter, DC to 7.5 GHz, N(f) - 7/16 (f) |
| 42N50-20 | Attenuator, 20 dB, 5 Watt, DC to 18 GHz, N(m) - N(f) |
| 42N50A-30 | Attenuator, 30 dB, 50 Watt, DC to 18 GHz, N(m) - N(f) |
| 1010-121 | Attenuator, 40 dB, 100 Watt, DC to 18 GHz, N(m) - N(f), Uni-Directional |
| 3663-3 | N Connector Verification Kit |
Accessories up to 8 GHz and up to 6 GHz
Vector network analyzers with a maximum operating range of 8 GHz or 6 GHz are always equipped with type N connectors. And devices that you will measure in the ranges up to 8 GHz or up to 6 GHz will most often have N connectors, 7/16 DIN connectors, or SMA connectors. There may be other types of connectors, such as TNC, BNC, 4.3-10 and others.
The two tables below show the recommended accessory models for VNAs up to 8 GHz and up to 6 GHz, and a short description in English.
Recommended basic accessory kit up to 8 GHz and up to 6 GHz (N connectors):
| Name | Short description |
| 15NN50-1.0B (2 pcs.) | Phase-Stable Cable, Armored, 1.0 meter, DC to 18 GHz, N(m) - N(m) |
| TOSLNF50A-8 (1 pc.) | Coaxial Calibration Kit, Type N(f), DC to 8 GHz |
| 34NFNF50 (2 pcs.) | Precision Adapter, DC to 18 GHz, N(f) - N(f) |
Optional accessories up to 8 GHz and up to 6 GHz (N, 7/16 DIN and SMA connectors):
| Name | Short description |
| 15NNF50-1.0B | Phase-Stable Cable, Armored, 1.0 meter, DC to 18 GHz, N(m) - N(f) |
| TOSLN50A-8 | Coaxial Calibration Kit, Type N(m), DC to 8 GHz |
| MN25208A-001 | 2-Port SmartCal, 300 kHz - 8.5 GHz, Type N(f) Auto Calibration Unit |
| MN25408A-001 | 4-Port SmartCal, 300 kHz - 8.5 GHz, Type N(f) Auto Calibration Unit |
| 34NN50A | Precision Adapter, DC to 18 GHz, N(m) - N(m) |
| 510-92-R | Adapter, DC to 7.5 GHz, N(m) - 7/16 (m) |
| 510-90-R | Adapter, DC to 7.5 GHz, N(m) - 7/16 (f) |
| 510-93-R | Adapter, DC to 7.5 GHz, N(f) - 7/16 (m) |
| 510-91-R | Adapter, DC to 7.5 GHz, N(f) - 7/16 (f) |
| 1091-26-R | Adapter, DC to 18 GHz, N(m) - SMA(m) |
| 1091-27-R | Adapter, DC to 18 GHz, N(m) - SMA(f) |
| 1091-80-R | Adapter, DC to 18 GHz, N(f) - SMA(m) |
| 1091-81-R | Adapter, DC to 18 GHz, N(f) - SMA(f) |
| 42N50-20 | Attenuator, 20 dB, 5 Watt, DC to 18 GHz, N(m) - N(f) |
| 42N50A-30 | Attenuator, 30 dB, 50 Watt, DC to 18 GHz, N(m) - N(f) |
| 3-1010-124 | Attenuator, 40 dB, 100 watt, DC to 8.5 GHz, N(f) input - N(m) output, Uni-directional |
| 3663-3 | N Connector Verification Kit |
Additional information on this topic
If you are buying your first network analyzer, be sure to read this overview article: "Calibrating the Vector Network Analyzer"and look"Full 2-Port Calibration Video", located at the end of it. This will help you better understand exactly how calibration is performed, as well as the role of the calibration component and other accessories. If you are completely new, then see the article for general information on the VNA: what is vector network analyzer. And here you can find a lot of useful theoretical information on this topic: Basic theory of electrical circuit parameter analysis. Different models of modern VNAs are assembled here.
If you need detailed pricing information or technical advice on choosing the best analyzer for your application, just call us or write to us at E-mail and we will be happy to answer your questions.